Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) : a mental illness drug

Ayurveda is the life science and practice that involve the care of the human being's physical, mental, and spiritual health. The term "Ayu” is defined as- "Sharir Indriya Satva Atma Sanyogo Dhari Jeevtam (Charak). According to Acharaya Charaka the individuality of Manas and Sarira is inseparable and interdependent. The paragon of the beauty of Ayurveda is that it always emphasizes prevention over cure. Yendri (Bacopa monnieri Linn). Mentioned as Medhya by Priyavrat Sharma in his book Dravyagun Vigyana. Nowadays, the use of herbal drugs for the treatment of various diseases is developing worldwide. Psychiatric and neurological disorders are generally associated with memory loss, cognitive deficits, impaired mental function, etc. Due to the multi-factorial nature of these diseases, psychoactive drugs of modern medicine have achieved restricted success. Therefore, there is an extended stipulation for novel products that could target multiple pathways and improve mental capabilities. According to "Ayurveda," the Indian traditional medicine system, "Medhya Rasayana" presents herbal therapeutics that restores cognitive deficits, boost memory, and improve mental functions. The current review emphasizes the components and application of such type of herbal medication

Tunneling and subband levels in GaAs quantum well with direct and indirect AlxGa1−xAs barriers

We present a study of coherent tunneling lifetimes for quasibound electrons confined in a GaAs quantum well by Al0.3Ga0.7As (direct band gap) and AlAs (indirect band gap) barriers, using the tight‐binding representation for the electronic states in an eight‐element (sp3) basis, and solving the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation using a unitary approximation of the evolution operator. The dependence of the lifetime on barrier thickness is found to fit a WKB‐type expression very well. Although simple effective mass theory is not applicable, the barrier thickness coefficient in the WKB exponent is determined by the Γ‐point band extrema even for indirect AlAs barriers with X‐point conduction‐band minimum. The dependence of the subband energies and their in‐plane dispersion on the mole fraction x of Al in the AlxGa1−xAs barrier is also presented, for x in the range 0.2–1.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70408/2/APPLAB-59-16-1963-1.pd

Coherent tunneling of mixed state hole wave packets in coupled quantum well structures

The time‐dependent Schrödinger equation is solved numerically to study the coherent tunneling of hole wave packets in asymmetric coupled quantum wells. The importance of selection rules and band mixing is evident in the extremely low rates of the wave‐packet leakage from heavy‐hole state to a resonant light‐hole state at zero in‐plane wave vector (k∥). But these rates increase dramatically away from k∥=0, when the hole states acquire mixed character, and rapidly become comparable to the heavy‐hole to heavy‐hole resonant tunneling rates. The effect of inhomogeneous level broadening arising from well size fluctuations in multicoupled quantum well systems is shown to greatly reduce the effective tunneling rates near resonance.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69802/2/APPLAB-58-14-1509-1.pd

Time‐dependent formalism for interband tunneling application to the InxGa1−xAs system

A formalism is presented to study interband tunneling which involves a direct, numerical solution of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation, employing the tight‐binding representation for electronic states with an eight‐element (sp3) basis. Using this explicitly time‐dependent formalism, one can study the dynamics of interband tunneling in the presence of complicated space‐ and time‐dependent electric field profiles encountered in many devices. This technique is well suited to study interband tunneling in heterostructures since the tight‐binding method describes their band structure adequately. In conjunction with deformation potential theory, it can be applied to strained systems as well. The technique is applied to the important semiconductor system of InxGa1−xAs.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69643/2/APPLAB-62-8-849-1.pd

Model checking transactional memories

Model checking transactional memories (TMs) is difficult because of the unbounded number, length, and delay of concurrent transactions, as well as the unbounded size of the memory. We show that, under certain conditions satisfied by most TMs we know of, the model checking problem can be reduced to a finite-state problem, and we illustrate the use of the method by proving the correctness of several TMs, including two-phase locking, DSTM, and TL2. The safety properties we consider include strict serializability and opacity; the liveness properties include obstruction freedom, livelock freedom, and wait freedom. Our main contribution lies in the structure of the proofs, which are largely automated and not restricted to the TMs mentioned above. In a first step we show that every TM that enjoys certain structural properties either violates a requirement on some program with two threads and two shared variables, or satisfies the requirement on all programs. In the second step, we use a model checker to prove the requirement for the TM applied to a most general program with two threads and two variables. In the safety case, the model checker checks language inclusion between two finite-state transition systems, a nondeterministic transition system representing the given TM applied to a most general program, and a deterministic transition system representing a most liberal safe TM applied to the same program. The given TM transition system is nondeterministic because a TM can be used with different contention managers, which resolve conflicts differently. In the liveness case, the model checker analyzes fairness conditions on the given TM transition syste

The purification method of water from treasures of Vedas and Upavedas

Water is a vital source of life and quality of water is major concern now-a-days. Water is limited resource and demand for it is increasing at an alarming rate. Safe clean and adequate drinking water is vital for existence of all living organism. Ayurveda being the science of life gives us great scope as a researcher. There are various techniques mentioned in Ayurvedic classics for purification of “Dushita Jala” from the times of Veda’s. Acharya’s focused on water purification they described that a sunray passing through the water purifies it. In Samhita Kala, the number of technique increased. Acharya Sushruta and Vagbhatta have mentioned to use various plants and method to purify water. Various Nighantu also mentioned different techniques

Generating asymmetric aberration laser beams with controlled intensity distribution

We present generation of asymmetric aberration laser beams (aALBs) with controlled intensity distribution, using a diffractive optical element (DOE) involving phase asymmetry. The asymmetry in the phase distribution is introduced by shifting the coordinates in a complex plane. The results show that auto-focusing properties of aALBs remain invariant with respect to the asymmetry parameters. However, a controlled variation in the phase asymmetry allows to control the spatial intensity distribution of aALBs. In an ideal ALB containing equal intensity three bright lobes (for $m=3$), by introducing asymmetry most of the intensity can be transferred to any one of single bright lobe, and forms a high-power density lobe. A precise spatial position of high-power density lobe can be controlled by the asymmetry parameter $\beta$ and $m$, and we have determined the empirical relations for them. We have found that for the specific values of $\beta$, the intensity in the high-power density lobe can be enhanced by $\sim$6 times the intensity in other bright lobes. The experimental results show a good agreement with the numerical simulations. The findings can be suitable for applications such as in optical trapping and manipulation as well as material processing.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure

Formalizing and verifying transactional memories

Transactional memory (TM) has shown potential to simplify the task of writing concurrent programs. TM shifts the burden of managing concurrency from the programmer to the TM algorithm. The correctness of TM algorithms is generally proved manually. The goal of this thesis is to provide the mathematical and software tools to automatically verify TM algorithms under realistic memory models. Our first contribution is to develop a mathematical framework to capture the behavior of TM algorithms and the required correctness properties. We consider the safety property of opacity and the liveness properties of obstruction freedom and livelock freedom. We build a specification language of opacity. We build a framework to express hardware relaxed memory models. We develop a new high-level language, Relaxed Memory Language (RML), for expressing concurrent algorithms with a hardware-level atomicity of instructions, whose semantics is parametrized by various relaxed memory models. We express TM algorithms like TL2, DSTM, and McRT STM in our framework. The verification of TM algorithms is difficult because of the unbounded number, length, and delay of concurrent transactions and the unbounded size of the memory. The second contribution of the thesis is to identify structural properties of TM algorithms which allow us to reduce the unbounded verification problem to a language-inclusion check between two finite state systems. We show that common TM algorithms satisfy these structural properties. The third contribution of the thesis is our tool FOIL for model checking TM algorithms. FOIL takes as input the RML description of a TM algorithm and the description of a memory model. FOIL uses the operational semantics of RML to compute the language of the TM algorithm for two threads and two variables. FOIL then checks whether the language of the TM algorithm is included in the specification language of opacity. FOIL automatically determines the locations of fences, which if inserted, ensure the correctness of the TM algorithm under the given memory model. We use FOIL to verify DSTM, TL2, and McRT STM under the memory models of sequential consistency, total store order, partial store order, and relaxed memory order

Concept of Parmanuvada and its Utility

Ayurveda is a scientific discipline and it had been developed by the ancient ages based on their great clinical observations and successive testing. For its proper application and understanding various philosophical concept have been taken by our Acharya as they form the fundamental principles of Ayurvedic science. When we go through the subject deeply in Ayurveda science, we find the effect of Bhartiya Darshana on it. According to the Vaisheshika Darshana, all objects of the universe are composed of atoms of earth, water, air and fire. Hence, the vision of the Vaisheshika Darshana about creation is called Atomism or Paramanuvada. The atomic theory of the Vaisheshika explains that part of the world which is non eternal, i.e., subject to origin and destruction in time. The eternal constituents of the universe, namely the four kinds of atoms and five substances of Akas, space, time and soul. So, the atomic theory explains the order of creation and destruction of these non-eternal object. The description of Paramanuvada in Vaisheshika Darshana is mainly for the clarification of the Srishti Utpatti. But the explanation of Acharya Charaka is based on the medicinal point of view. The Samyoga and Viyoga of these Parmanu is mainly due to Vayu, Karma and Swabhava. In this article importance of Paramaanuvada, as given in Vaisheshika Darshana has been made and attempted to search and understanding the subjects where Paramaanuvada is applied and can be applicable in Ayurveda